I am a computational biologist with interests in studying the interplay between the immune system and cancer. Following studies in bioinformatics at Ecole polytechnique and biotechnology at AgroParisTech, I pursued a PhD at the Cordeliers Research Centre in Paris. During my PhD, I developed methods to accurately characterise immune infiltrates in tumours from bulk transcriptomics and I applied them to study the tumour microenvironment of different cancer types. With the group, we demonstrated the role of B cells and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in favouring patients survival and response to immunotherapy. After a first postdoctoral position at the French League Against Cancer, I moved to the University of Edinburgh in 2020 to join the group of Professor Jeffrey Pollard, studying the phenotype and role of tumour-associated macrophages in various cancer types. I obtained in 2022 a Wellcome Early Career Award that allows me to study the role of macrophages in tertiary lymphoid structures in breast, ovarian and endometrial cancers, notably using spatially-resolved transcriptomics technologies.
My research interests focus on understanding how the composition and organisation of the tumour microenvironments - i.e. what cells, notably immune cells, are present in a tumour and how they are organised - affect the disease progression, the clinical outcome for patients, or can inform therapeutic decisions. In particular, I focus on understanding the functioning and impact of tertiary lymphoid structures, lymph-node like cell aggregates found in some tumours that are often associated with a longer survival and better response to immunotherapies. I also develop methodological approaches on how best to analyse and understand the microenvironments compositions using gene expression data - notably spatial transcriptomics.
PhD in Immunology, 2018
Cordeliers Research Center & French League Against Cancer
Bioinformatics engineer, 2015
Ecole polytechnique
Biotechnlogy engineer, 2015
AgroParisTech
The presence of intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is associated with positive clinical outcomes and responses to immunotherapy in cancer. Here, we used spatial transcriptomics to examine the nature of B cell responses within TLS in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). B cells were enriched in TLS, and therein, we could identify all B cell maturation stages toward plasma cell (PC) formation. B cell repertoire analysis revealed clonal diversification, selection, expansion in TLS, and the presence of fully mature clonotypes at distance. In TLS+ tumors, IgG- and IgA-producing PCs disseminated into the tumor beds along fibroblastic tracks. TLS+ tumors exhibited high frequencies of IgG-producing PCs and IgG-stained and apoptotic malignant cells, suggestive of anti-tumor effector activity. Therapeutic responses and progression-free survival correlated with IgG-stained tumor cells in RCC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thus, intratumoral TLS sustains B cell maturation and antibody production that is associated with response to immunotherapy, potentially via direct anti-tumor effects.
Quantifying tissue-infiltrating immune and stromal cells provides clinically relevant information for various diseases. While numerous methods can quantify immune or stromal cells in human tissue samples from transcriptomic data, few are available for mouse studies. We introduce murine Microenvironment Cell Population counter (mMCP-counter), a method based on highly specific transcriptomic markers that accurately quantify 16 immune and stromal murine cell populations. We validated mMCP-counter with flow cytometry data and showed that mMCP-counter outperforms existing methods. We showed that mMCP-counter scores are predictive of response to immune checkpoint blockade in cancer mouse models and identify early immune impacts of Alzheimer’s disease.
Soft-tissue sarcomas represent a heterogeneous group of cancer, with more than 50 histological subtypes. The clinical presentation of patients with different subtypes is often atypical, and responses to therapies such as immune checkpoint blockade vary widely. To explain this clinical variability, here we study gene expression profiles in 608 tumours across subtypes of soft-tissue sarcoma. We establish an immune-based classification on the basis of the composition of the tumour microenvironment and identify five distinct phenotypes: immune-low (A and B), immune-high (D and E), and highly vascularized (C) groups. In situ analysis of an independent validation cohort shows that class E was characterized by the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures that contain T cells and follicular dendritic cells and are particularly rich in B cells. B cells are the strongest prognostic factor even in the context of high or low CD8+ T cells and cytotoxic contents. The class-E group demonstrated improved survival and a high response rate to PD1 blockade with pembrolizumab in a phase 2 clinical trial. Together, this work confirms the immune subtypes in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma, and unravels the potential of B-cell-rich tertiary lymphoid structures to guide clinical decision-making and treatments, which could have broader applications in other diseases.
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid organs that develop in non-lymphoid tissues at sites of chronic inflammation including tumours. Key common characteristics between secondary lymphoid organogenesis and TLS neogenesis have been identified. TLSs exist under different maturation states in tumours, culminating in germinal centre formation. The mechanisms that underlie the role of TLSs in the adaptive antitumour immune response are being deciphered. The description of the correlation between TLS presence and clinical benefit in patients with cancer, suggesting that TLSs could be a prognostic and predictive factor, has drawn strong interest into investigating the role of TLSs in tumours. A current major challenge is to exploit TLSs to promote lymphocyte infiltration, activation by tumour antigens and differentiation to increase the antitumour immune response. Several approaches are being developed using chemokines, cytokines, antibodies, antigen-presenting cells or synthetic scaffolds to induce TLS formation. Strategies aiming to induce TLS neogenesis in immune-low tumours and in immune-high tumours, in this case, in combination with therapeutic agents dampening the inflammatory environment and/or with immune checkpoint inhibitors, represent promising avenues for cancer treatment.